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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Galvanized Bar Grating“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.Forging Metal Building Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–China Laser Level Tools] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Bts Notebook Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.[6 - Calcium Glycine,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.[Id46 Pcf7936 Transponder,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector-Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.
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Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, with the extruder moving from left to right (S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel).for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. The schematic shown inMetal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. (a)Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole. (b)Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.[High Quality Custom Logo PU Leather Business Card Holder]PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, a small slit or pre-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. Finally,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags(first tab)Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, cross-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with SwivelsVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIssc 2020 Bm20 WiFi Audio Module Factory Stereo Bluetooth Module. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc,σT,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-parallel to the print.
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Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. Cross-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Selling Super Value Waterproof Unique Plastic Sheeting PVC Panel for Bathrooms. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, which all had significantly smaller,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric GeneratorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. AsTexincreases,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women ClothesVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexWater Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control SystemσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, respectively,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine-AM.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
