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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter–Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor–China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.[Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner–1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.[Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.[Kids Ride on Plush Toy Animal Stuffed Animal Ride,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018–0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*]G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.[Leak Proof Dishwasher Safety Airtight Reusable Silicone Food Storage Bag Freezer Bags Cooking Bags,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water] However,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb-Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.
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Custom G-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. The schematic shown in7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. (a)2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. (b)PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.[Concrete Steel Mould]Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, a small slit or pre-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. Finally,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap(first tab)Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, cross-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From SupplierVex.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHeavy Duty Steel Angle Brackets High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm).Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,σT,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(see Section 2.3).[Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-parallel to the print.
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Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. Cross-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.3, and are displayed inCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWhite Pigment Titanium Dioxide Anatase for Gavure and Flexographic Ink. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, which all had significantly smaller,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlack Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. AsTexincreases,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebookVexas shown inVulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The influence ofTexandVexDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany ChairσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Capwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard/or extrusion.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine)).Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, respectively,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.
4 Conclusions
Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306-AM.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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