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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–Concert Stage Led Tv Background] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,UPVC Double Pipe Production Line,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.[Pure Silk Plain Color Hijab,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.[Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.
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2.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale
Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls).Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. The schematic shown inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.[Hot Sale Lamella Clarifier for Industrial Waste Water Treatment]Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, a small slit or pre-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. Finally,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(first tab)Needle for Crochet Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, cross-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)Vex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMulti-Span Film Greenhouse. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery,σT,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(see Section 2.3).[ U84]Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel CapsulesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. AsTexincreases,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration, leading to a stronger weld.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road SafetyVexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.
Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent KayakσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder-AM.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
