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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Automatic Feeder] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,-Three Phase Oil Filled 33kv 24kv 11kv 1600 kVA Electrical Transformer for Power Distribution,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.[Fitness,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.[Waterproof Label Paper,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-AM has not been reported.
Here,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.
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2.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)
Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, with the extruder moving from left to right (Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame).Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. The schematic shown in30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. (a)Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals. (b)Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.[Electrical DC Brush Electric Motor for Power Tool]4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, a small slit or pre-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. Finally,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)(first tab)Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, cross-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling TrailerVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWholesale Aloe Vera Fashion Color Magic Lipstick. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap,σT,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-parallel to the print.
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Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. Cross-UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inInflatable Tent. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, which all had significantly smaller,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil. AsTexincreases,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System, leading to a stronger weld.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for AgriculturalVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexTunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock WasherσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTitanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings, respectively,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle-AM.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
