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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–Adjustable Height Practical Display Table with Four Casters] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Car Seat Pillow Waist,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.[Home Villa Lift,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[www.gzyezhifurniture.com,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).
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NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer).Cable Protection Conduit/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. The schematic shown in250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. (a)Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. (b)20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.[Elegant Hot Selling Cosmetic Packaging Eyeliner Case Eyeliner Tube Eyeliner Container Plastic Injection Mould]Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, a small slit or pre-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. Finally,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(first tab)Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, cross-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003Vex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown injb-hardware.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig,σT,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(see Section 2.3).[ U84]Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-parallel to the print.
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1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Cross-Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.3, and are displayed inCotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inColoured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, which all had significantly smaller,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dBTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. AsTexincreases,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, leading to a stronger weld.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)Vexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVex8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED PanelσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard/or extrusion.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel)).G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, respectively,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.
4 Conclusions
Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms-AM.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.
Acknowledgments
The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
