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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–Hot Sale Single Screw Making Machine for 20-110mm HDPE Irrigation Pipe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Mdf Laser Cutting Machine,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.[High Quality Mold Maker Plastic Injection Mould for LED Lamp,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.[Accept OEM New Products Team Various Colors Gold Ribbon,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-AM has not been reported.
Here,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,FRP Profile Made in China,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.
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2.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe
10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, with the extruder moving from left to right (Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool).Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. The schematic shown inRotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. (a)Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. (b)Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.[Fire Resistant Fiberglass Mosquito Window Screen Mesh]Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. Finally,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine(first tab)Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, cross-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock DrillVex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCharging A Ups Battery. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag,σT,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(see Section 2.3).[ U84]Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-parallel to the print.
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Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. Cross-Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.3, and are displayed inCotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Cnc Router China Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for SaleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. AsTexincreases,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, leading to a stronger weld.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water BottleVexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexBlack Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.
Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder/or extrusion.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel)).Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSolar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, respectively,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.
4 Conclusions
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold-AM.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.
Acknowledgments
3.7*60 Concrete Nails.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
