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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–LED Linear Batten Light Accessories] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Wear-Resistante Decorative Imitation PVC/PU Artificial Synthetic Leather for Autuomotive Seat Interior Accessory Furniture Chair Seat Cover,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.[On Air Broadcast,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.[Silicon Carbide Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry & Metallurgy,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)-Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.
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Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27).Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. The schematic shown inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.[Economical Cnc Cutting Machine]13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), a small slit or pre-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. Finally,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(first tab)Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, cross-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPSVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOffset Paper. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms,σT,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDurable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover ShellTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. AsTexincreases,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, leading to a stronger weld.Cracking Acidification Clay StabilizerVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexIsolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie MountsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale-AM.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.
Acknowledgments
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
