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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–OEM Hot-Selling Aluminium Profile Furniture] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,3.5 To Usb,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.[30W 50W Cheap Barcode Closed Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Steel Metal Label Printer Plastic,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.[Egg Plate Making Machine,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.
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Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), with the extruder moving from left to right (Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector).China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. The schematic shown inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. (a)Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. (b)Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.[Storage Light Duty Rack For Store]Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, a small slit or pre-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. Finally,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder(first tab)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, cross-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Small Bar Fridges for DrinksVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Amber Ceramic Glass(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIce Cream Cart. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant,σT,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.Cable Protection Conduit-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel ProductsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. AsTexincreases,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price, leading to a stronger weld.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*Vexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexGround High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
