Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle AxesBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–Z3T-B2-50)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Customized High Pressure 6 Inch Layflat Hose / Pipe for Farm Irrigation,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Needle for Crochet Machine(Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.[6 Gauge Galvanized Wire,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.[1.5mm Thickness Round Cake Board Cake Plate,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-AM has not been reported.
Here,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
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4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould).Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. The schematic shown inHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. (a)China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. (b)Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.[Cord Inline Dimmer Switch Suppliers for Sale]Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, a small slit or pre-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. Finally,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder(first tab)3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, cross-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging StationVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina 220V 380V Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverters for Motors and Pumps. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder,σT,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-parallel to the print.
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Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. Cross-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.3, and are displayed inEMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWood Furniture Brush Sander Mach. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, which all had significantly smaller,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in CoilTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. AsTexincreases,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business, leading to a stronger weld.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting CanvasVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexGuangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure TankσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal/or extrusion.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge)).EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot incolor coated aluminum coil manufacturers, respectively,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
4 Conclusions
12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New-AM.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
