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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–High Quality Waterproof Manhole Cover Dia. 900mm with Inspection Cover D400] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Zs Circular Vibratory Sieve,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Croygenic Lift Check Valve(Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.[Glass Juice Beverage Bottles,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.[Brass Wash Basin Faucet Manufacturers Cheap Price,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings-AM has not been reported.
Here,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.
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1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, with the extruder moving from left to right (Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building).Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service. The schematic shown inHigh Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.[Mulit-Arc and Magnetron Spittering Coating Machine for Drilling]Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, a small slit or pre-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids. Finally,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price(first tab)Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, cross-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)Vex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Beautiful Yoga Mats Uk. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle,σT,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(see Section 2.3).[ U84]Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. AsTexincreases,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, leading to a stronger weld.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark PowderVexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexDiscount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMost Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H-AM.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.
Acknowledgments
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
