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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Summer Sexy Floral Lady Ruffle Dress for Women] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Xr18k Die Tungsten Carbide,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.[color coated),Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[Copper Plug,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
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Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, with the extruder moving from left to right (N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. The schematic shown inOEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.
2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. (a)AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.10.4inch Industrial Tablet. (b)Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[3d Sublimation Machine]Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, a small slit or pre-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Finally,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price(first tab)Croygenic Lift Check Valve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, cross-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy HairVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inX Ray Film Viewer (PD-FA). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000),σT,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-parallel to the print.
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Church LED Flameless Taper Candle,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. Cross-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomatic Beer Canning Machine Factory Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder, which all had significantly smaller,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for KidsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
