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Addit Manuf.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
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Associated Data

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Abstract

PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter–Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor–T-Bolt Hose Clamp] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.[Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner–1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).[Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,Metal Cutting Saw Blade,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.[Foundation Bolt/Anchor Bolt,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018–0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*]Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.[Vital Injector,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water] However,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process-AM has not been reported.

Here,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement-Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.

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Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(MakerBot IndustriesBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, with the extruder moving from left to right (wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z).3.7*60 Concrete Nails/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

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An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. (a)Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. (b)Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.[Colorful Numbers 26 Letters DIY Felt for Decoration]Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, a small slit or pre-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. Finally,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc(first tab)Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, cross-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel ConnectorsVex.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSs316 Stainless Steel Pipe Factory OEM/ODM Products. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm).Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof,σT,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(see Section 2.3).[Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-parallel to the print.

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Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. Cross-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.3, and are displayed inCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDry Herb Vape Pod Ceramic Coil High Demand Cbd Cartridge 0.7/1.0ml Capacity Vaporizer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlack Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. AsTexincreases,10.4inch Industrial Tablet, leading to a stronger weld.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ DoorsVexas shown inVulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The influence ofTexandVexSs 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 PersonσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Capwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006),Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price/or extrusion.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine)).20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCroygenic Lift Check Valve, respectively,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.

4 Conclusions

Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. This measurement technique is a straightforward,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor-AM.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.

Acknowledgments

2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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