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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–2m Hdmi Cable] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Ultrasonic Cutting Machine For Food Factory OEM/ODM Products,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.[Mylar Packaging Bag Factory & Manufacturer,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.[Cummins Diesel Engine ISM11 Qsm11 Fuel Injector Repair Rebuilt Parts Injector Cup Nozzle 4903474,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-AM has not been reported.
Here,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment-Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.
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Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver).Aluminium Blind Rivets/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. The schematic shown inCheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.[American Apparel Sport T Shirt]Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, a small slit or pre-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. Finally,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6(first tab)Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, cross-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging BoxVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.FRP Profile Made in China.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBath Towel Wrap For Women With Straps. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,σT,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-parallel to the print.
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Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. Cross-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.3, and are displayed inEMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in3hi Reversible Steel Hot Rolling Mill. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, which all had significantly smaller,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File FolderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. AsTexincreases,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts, leading to a stronger weld.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller LinerVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexWaterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.
Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME CertificatesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
