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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing
- GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter–Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor–100% Cotton Hoodies] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.[Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner–1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.[Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,171 - 6 Pin Pcb Rj45 Connector,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag(Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.[Barrel Brushing Machine,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018–0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*]Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.[3 Bbl Jacketed Brite Tank Manufacturers Cheap Price,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water] However,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-AM has not been reported.
Here,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh-Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.
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Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(MakerBot IndustriesBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit).Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. The schematic shown inCold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.[Hot Night Sexy Sleepwear Sexy Girls Lingerie]Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, a small slit or pre-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. Finally,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray(first tab)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, cross-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite SheetVex.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPTFE Micropowder for Various Thermoplastic Thermosettin Processing Aids and Lubricant. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm).UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New,σT,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6(see Section 2.3).[Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-parallel to the print.
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Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. Cross-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.3, and are displayed inCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCarton Recycling Machine High Quality Supplier. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, which all had significantly smaller,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage RingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlack Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. AsTexincreases,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly ValveVexas shown inVulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The influence ofTexandVexOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Capwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2),for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower-AM.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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