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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–Embossed Surface 8mm 12mm Oak Laminate Flooring V-Groove] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Carbon Steel Coils,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.[Closed Cooling Tower,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.[Conservative Colorblock One-Piece Bikini Swimsuit,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.
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Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), with the extruder moving from left to right (Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear).Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. The schematic shown inWholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.[Auto Die Cutting Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price]Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, a small slit or pre-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. Finally,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale(first tab)Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, cross-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate BoardVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Heat Transfer Sublimation Printing Sportswear Custom Sublimation Unisex T-Shirt. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level,σT,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding PaperTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). AsTexincreases,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V), leading to a stronger weld.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials CoilVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexSoyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTunnel Machine for Natural Gas PipelineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
