Security PadlockBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Seamless Sports Legging for Women-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–Latest Style Classic Comfortable Durable Rubber Sole Genuine Leather Men Dress Loafer Driving Casual Shoes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Yk Vibratory Screening Machine 3yk-1548,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.[Countertop Display Freezer,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.[Wood Waste Sawdust Machine,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-AM has not been reported.
Here,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stackable Syringe Pump,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags-Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.
Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate
2.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material
Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, with the extruder moving from left to right (Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie).a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. The schematic shown in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. (a)Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). (b)Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.[Factory Wholesale Kids Tableware Anti Spill Baby Bowl]Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , a small slit or pre-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. Finally,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material(first tab)professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, cross-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing MachineVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCar Diffuser Perfume Bottle. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep,σT,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden-parallel to the print.
3.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out
Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry. Cross-Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.3, and are displayed inEMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlossy Pvc Cold Laminating Film. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories, which all had significantly smaller,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass PlateTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. AsTexincreases,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, leading to a stronger weld.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small LoaderVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children/or extrusion.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge)).Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, respectively,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
4 Conclusions
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film-AM.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
