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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–Glue] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,7.938mm 316 Stainless Steel Balls for Sale,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.[High Precision Aluminum/Brass/Steel/ Steel Threaded Ring / Stainless Steel Forged Flange Plastic CNC Machining Part,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.[TUV Certificate Passed Low Cold Area in -25 Degree Evi Air to Water Heat Pump,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-AM has not been reported.
Here,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White-Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..
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Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, with the extruder moving from left to right (PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting).Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The schematic shown inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.[Cable Sheath Cutter]Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, a small slit or pre-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. Finally, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(first tab)Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, cross-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct TapeVex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Pressure Rubber Tubing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine,σT,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(see Section 2.3).[ U84]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-parallel to the print.
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Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Cross-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.3, and are displayed inCotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlass Water Jet. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, which all had significantly smaller,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface TreatmentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. AsTexincreases,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, leading to a stronger weld.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical PantVexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding MachineryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant-AM.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
