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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–Custom Design Multicolor Tableware Dinner Melamine Kids Set] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,Aluminum Double Head Saw,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.[Automatic Plastic Cutlery Pillow Type Knife Fork Napkin Packing Machine, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.[Jet Heating Tunnel For Painting Work Piece Manufacturers Cheap Price,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.
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Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, with the extruder moving from left to right (2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine).1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.[Cheap Disposable Partyware]Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, a small slit or pre-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. Finally,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Needle for Crochet Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(first tab)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, cross-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel PipeVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inYellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould,σT,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCompatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-parallel to the print.
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Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. Cross-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inExcavator Engine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale, which all had significantly smaller,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor DecorationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. AsTexincreases,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent, leading to a stronger weld.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle BlackVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures MixerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit-AM.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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