Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing BoothFyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil-Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Wanshsin Wae Planetary Gearbox with High Precision] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Round Clear Quartz Plate,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer(Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.[Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.[Laptop Bag College Men Backpack Leather Back Pack Bags,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-AM has not been reported.
Here,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer-Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.
Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner
2.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike
Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, with the extruder moving from left to right (Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat).Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. The schematic shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. (a)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. (b)Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.[Wholesale Factory FRP GRP Fiberglass Pole]Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, a small slit or pre-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. Finally,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold(first tab)Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, cross-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting MachineVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLow Voltage Armored Cable Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet,σT,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-parallel to the print.
3.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine
Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. Cross-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in5 Years Warranty Led High Bay Factory OEM/ODM Products. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, which all had significantly smaller,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe FurnitureTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. AsTexincreases,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt, leading to a stronger weld.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch PanelVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.
Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25mσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine/or extrusion.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less)).High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, respectively,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray.
4 Conclusions
Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function-AM.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.
Acknowledgments
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
