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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Aluminium Blind Rivets–Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre–26b22h Conical Long Body Signal Pilot Lamp LED Indicator Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.[Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel–30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.[Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,300W/500W Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Advertisement Industry,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.[Aluminium Nitride Factory & Manufacturer,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House–Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment]Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.[Building Residential Drainage Systems,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee] However,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM has not been reported.
Here,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.
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Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(MakerBot IndustriesSeamless Sports Legging for Women, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, with the extruder moving from left to right (Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building).Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. The schematic shown inHome Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. (a)Amber Ceramic Glass.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. (b)PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.[Ceramic Type Stoneware Mug With Handle]Cable Protection Conduit, a small slit or pre-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). Finally,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(first tab)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, cross-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory PriceVex.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCamping First Aid Kit. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inChina Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation).Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay,σT,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arThree Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(see Section 2.3).[Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-parallel to the print.
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Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100),Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. Cross-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).3, and are displayed inMulti Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGlue. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, which all had significantly smaller,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling RigTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. AsTexincreases,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, leading to a stronger weld.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat BottomVexas shown inWater Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. The influence ofTexandVexElectric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building MaterialσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mountswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass-AM.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
