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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Ceramic Fiber Textiles] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,Neodymium Magnet Bracelet,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.[Cast Steel Spears and Column,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.[Disco Lighting,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-AM has not been reported.
Here,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.
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2.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine
Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, with the extruder moving from left to right (Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price).5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The schematic shown inISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. (a)Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness. (b)The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.[Battery Holder Connector Bc 3AA]Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, a small slit or pre-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. Finally,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(first tab)Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), cross-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling ToolsVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inThree Person Elevator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+,σT,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-parallel to the print.
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Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Cross-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTungsten Heat Wire. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, which all had significantly smaller,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure BuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. AsTexincreases,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical FilmVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexSmall Bar Fridges for Drinks.
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning JarσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Amber Ceramic Glass/or extrusion.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making)).PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, respectively,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cable Protection Conduit-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.
4 Conclusions
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. This measurement technique is a straightforward,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower-AM.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
