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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Best Wholesale First Baby Sippy Cup] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Chinese Precision OEM Zinc Alloy Die Casting,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.[2000X4500mm ASME Approved Industrial Glass Laminating Furnace,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.[Gym Flooring, HiFi Music TV] However,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-AM has not been reported.
Here,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.
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2.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling
Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, with the extruder moving from left to right (10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier).2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. The schematic shown inEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. (a)Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. (b)SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.[Custom Clothing Paper Magnetic Flat Folding Gift Packaging Box]Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, a small slit or pre-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. Finally,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine(first tab)Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, cross-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany ChairVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSmall Quantity Cnc Machining. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts,σT,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-parallel to the print.
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Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. Cross-30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in3030W Decrative Aluminum Profile Wholesale China Top Aluminum Profile. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, which all had significantly smaller,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper PullsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. AsTexincreases,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine, leading to a stronger weld.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel TubeVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexHoneyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt, respectively,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Needle for Crochet Machine-AM.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
