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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–Christmas Decoration] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Press Brake Machine,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.[Custom Military Flat Cap,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.[Yttria Stablized Zirconia Grinding Media for Pigment Ultra Fine Grinding,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-AM has not been reported.
Here,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.
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2.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle
50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder).Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. The schematic shown in18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.[Crowd Control Barrier Event]1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper, a small slit or pre-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. Finally,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting(first tab)10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, cross-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean NoodleVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMuriatic Acid 32%. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel,σT,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-parallel to the print.
3.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. Cross-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAstm A335 Gr P11 Alloy Seamless Steel Pipe. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, which all had significantly smaller,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30ATex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. AsTexincreases,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, leading to a stronger weld.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making MachineVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexDiisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
