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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–3 Piece Wheel With Pet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Celuka Pvc Foam Board,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.[Steel Grating Plateform,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.[Neoprene Travel Boots Leg Protection Wrap,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).
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2.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)
Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, with the extruder moving from left to right (Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use).Cbd Extraction and Purification Process/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. The schematic shown inWholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. (a)Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z. (b)3.7*60 Concrete Nails,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.[UL Ce 2835 120LEDs 19.2W Wateproof IP65 24V 4000K Outdoor LED Strip Light]7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, a small slit or pre-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. Finally,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator(first tab)Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, cross-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass BottleVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Sell Landscape Superior Garden Synthetic Turf Artificial Grass for Standard Football Field. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation,σT,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-parallel to the print.
3.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. Cross-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCat Head Cat Scratcher Fat. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours, which all had significantly smaller,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit SwitchTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. AsTexincreases,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale, leading to a stronger weld.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry FarmVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.
Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage SystemσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006),Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill-AM.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
