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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Rigging Hardware Lifting DIN582 Carbon Steel Eyenut] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,Factory Supply Microneedle Therapy Medical Skin Lifting Rejuvenation A6 Dr Pen,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.[304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.[Non Woven Fabric Vest Bags 3# Apple Green,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.
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Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, with the extruder moving from left to right (New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override).High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. The schematic shown inTwo Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. (a)Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. (b)Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.[Fashion Fabric Design Embroidery Patch with Glue]SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, a small slit or pre-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. Finally,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making(first tab)Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, cross-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy StorageVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inUniversal Joint R281x. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Waterproof Melamine Chipboard,σT,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-parallel to the print.
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50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. Cross-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLED Linear Batten Light Accessories. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, which all had significantly smaller,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior DecorationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. AsTexincreases,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, leading to a stronger weld.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office BottleVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine/or extrusion.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants)).High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument, respectively,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
4 Conclusions
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. This measurement technique is a straightforward,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light-AM.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.
Acknowledgments
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
