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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Blank Drawing Pad Books] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,20W 25W High Power Mirror Reflector LED Recessed Down Light,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.[High Quality Rigid-flex Pcb,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.[Bone Grinder Mincers,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.
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Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, with the extruder moving from left to right (Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB).Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). The schematic shown inManual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. (a)Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. (b)G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.[TiO2 Titanium Dioxide Rutile/Aantase/Low Heavy Metal Grade]FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, a small slit or pre-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. Finally,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed(first tab)Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, cross-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor PadsVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBush 100 Cotton Ripstop Military Camouflage Fabric. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine,σT,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-parallel to the print.
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Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. Cross-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.jumpamusement.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, which all had significantly smaller,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding DressTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. AsTexincreases,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, leading to a stronger weld.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah GolfVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexAuto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTwo Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen DoorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump-AM.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).
Acknowledgments
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
