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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–Full Length Ombre V Waistband Seamless Yoga Pants] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Human Hamster Ball,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU(Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.[Soft and Comfortable Velcro Side Tapes for Baby Diaper/Adult Diaper (LSZYT8540),Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.[Pure Sine Wave APC Smart-UPS 20kVA Alternative,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas-AM has not been reported.
Here,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm-Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.
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2.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2
Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, with the extruder moving from left to right (color coated aluminum coil manufacturers).Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. The schematic shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. (a)UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. (b)Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.[2pin China Manufacturer Cable Mounted Socket Phg Connector]Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, a small slit or pre-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain. Finally,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(first tab)Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly, cross-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8Vex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inmypestkiller. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,σT,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting-parallel to the print.
3.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. Cross-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPvc Steel Wire Hose. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, which all had significantly smaller,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft PartsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. AsTexincreases,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, leading to a stronger weld.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast ConnectorVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexCa Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for OutdoorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSeamless Sports Legging for Womenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment/or extrusion.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator)).2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, respectively,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
4 Conclusions
Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer-AM.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
