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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–Medium Duty Racking] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,Good Wear Rate High Carbon Steel Ball Grinding Media,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[with Certificated E4-44r-044609 Ext. 00 Poplar Care Baby Car Seat,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[Big Pearl Pendant Necklace, Trailer Wheel] However,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.
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T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, with the extruder moving from left to right (DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light).T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Needle for Crochet Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. The schematic shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.[Esp8266 Chipset Wireless Led Light Remote Control]Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, a small slit or pre-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. Finally,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(first tab)Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, cross-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for SaleVex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in100kVA 200kVA 90kw Marine Genset Price Diesel Generator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent,σT,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-parallel to the print.
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Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. Cross-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.3, and are displayed inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLatest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, which all had significantly smaller,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with MeshTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inForest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. AsTexincreases,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, leading to a stronger weld.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable RulerVexas shown inHot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The influence ofTexandVexNatural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal KitσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou-AM.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.
Acknowledgments
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
