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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Es-012 Original Lens TV LED Backlight Use for 42′′ LG Innotek 3.0] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Colorful Cardboard Chocolate Paper Box,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.[Bizter Parallel Multi-Screw Compressor Unit for Cold Room,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.[Mini Trave Aluminum Refillable Perfume Atomizer Pump Sprayer, Anodized 92510-2] However,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.
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2.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill
H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, with the extruder moving from left to right (Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU).Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. The schematic shown inFRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. (a)Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. (b)Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.[Nice Designed Container House for Home Office]Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, a small slit or pre-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. Finally,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring(first tab)Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, cross-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for LashesVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,σT,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arScreen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-parallel to the print.
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Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. Cross-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDongfeng 6X4 Hydraulic Lifting Arm Truck Mounted Crane. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator, which all had significantly smaller,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for TransformerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. AsTexincreases,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil, leading to a stronger weld.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for WeldingVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVex304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer NozzlesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker/or extrusion.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine)).2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, respectively,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
4 Conclusions
FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price-AM.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.
Acknowledgments
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
