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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Milling Sports Equipment Parts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Brown,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.[m.kundetools.com,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.[Red Copper Earth Connector Ground Straight /Bend Connector,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-AM has not been reported.
Here,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003-Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).
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Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug).GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. The schematic shown inPan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. (a)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. (b)Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.[Auto Spray Booth With Italy Riello Burner]45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, a small slit or pre-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. Finally,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette(first tab)36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, cross-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown incnzxpump. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb,σT,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-parallel to the print.
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The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. Cross-Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSchool Sport Gym Sack Pouch Backpack Drawstring Bag. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads, which all had significantly smaller,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton KaftanTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. AsTexincreases,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine, leading to a stronger weld.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated FabricVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical CapsulesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts/or extrusion.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less)).1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, respectively,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray.
4 Conclusions
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door-AM.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.
Acknowledgments
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
