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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Factory Supplier & Factory] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,AOS,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.[Capsule Filling Machine for Hard Capsules with Powder Pellets Filling Inside,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.[Cnc Cutting Machine,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-AM has not been reported.
Here,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder-Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.
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Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, with the extruder moving from left to right (4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine).High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. The schematic shown in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.
Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). (a)Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. (b)21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.[Fashion Pu Ladies Wallet]PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, a small slit or pre-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. Finally,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels(first tab)Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, cross-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation TankVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFull Port Small Automatic Electronic Plumbing Ball Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine,σT,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite BlockTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. AsTexincreases,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings, leading to a stronger weld.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)Vexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.
API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball CapσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
