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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace–12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store–ABS or Nylon Stainless Steel Corridor Grab Bars] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.[Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler–China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.[Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,Waterproof IP67 Compatible Size Electronic Automotive Parts Micro Switch,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.[Rj12 Patch Panel,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder–Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds]Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.[IP Fisheye Panoramic 1.3MP WiFi Wireless Video Surveillance Camera,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine] However,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.
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AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(MakerBot IndustriesNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, with the extruder moving from left to right (10.4inch Industrial Tablet).Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. The schematic shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. (a)Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Croygenic Lift Check Valve. (b)Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.[Automatic Die Cutting Machine Supplier Best-Selling]Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, a small slit or pre-Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric. Finally,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(first tab)China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, cross-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper HeadVex.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combinationshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Spacer Bar Bending Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color).Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate,σT,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(see Section 2.3).[250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-parallel to the print.
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Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. Cross-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.3, and are displayed inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHzs 50m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant Hot Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids, which all had significantly smaller,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. AsTexincreases,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve, leading to a stronger weld.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock NutsVexas shown inCaterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. The influence ofTexandVexJuice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywoodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose-AM.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
