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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–www.zbaolang.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).[ FCL-440,Polyester Mesh Lining Fabric,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.[Lemos Vacuumtight IP68 Hgg 0K 1K Series 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 16 Pins Male and Female Circular Connector,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.[Painted White Oak Solid Wood Coffee Table,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AM has not been reported.
Here,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).
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2.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg
Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, with the extruder moving from left to right (FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU).2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. The schematic shown inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.[Custom Brown Printing Cupcake Box with PVC Window]Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, a small slit or pre-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals. Finally,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display(first tab)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, cross-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers SkateVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBlack Mounts Metal Folding Studio Monitor Stand. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer,σT,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting EarbudsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. AsTexincreases,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, leading to a stronger weld.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout LeggingsVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexGalvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.
High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCoated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding PaperσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V),Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer-AM.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.
Acknowledgments
Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
