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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Electric Worm Gear Resilient Seated Non- Rising Gate Valve] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,30 Inch Seamless Steel Pipe High Quality Supplier,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.[Aluminum CNC Machining Motor,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.[Hot Sale Cord Composite Strap Making Machine Manufacturer Made in China Dongguan,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-AM has not been reported.
Here,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.
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High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Forging Metal Building Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm).Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The schematic shown inMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.
CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. (a)Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector. (b)Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.[Vertical Cylindrical Wet Gas Holder]Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, a small slit or pre-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. Finally,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt(first tab)W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, cross-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-PoleVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAnimal Baby Bathrobe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,σT,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-parallel to the print.
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Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. Cross-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.3, and are displayed inDouble Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBattery Operated Valves. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels, which all had significantly smaller,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air VentsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. AsTexincreases,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, leading to a stronger weld.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From ChinaVexas shown inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. The influence ofTexandVexPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing StripσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System-AM. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.
Acknowledgments
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
