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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–Yashi 32 Inch Magic Mirror Display Wall Mount LCD TV with Touch PC] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,T8 20W LED Grow Tube Supplementary Lighting Lamps for Plant,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.[Aluminium/Aluminum Gutter Coil (A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052),Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.[Car License Plate Sublimation Aluminum Printing Sheets with Glossy Gold,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-AM has not been reported.
Here,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.
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2.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process
Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips).Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. The schematic shown inwire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.
3.7*60 Concrete Nails. (a)Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. (b)7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.[Cheap Paper Shopping Bags]Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, a small slit or pre-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. Finally,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles(first tab)SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81, cross-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma FunctionVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality High Voltage 3-Core Cold Shrinkable Joint Kit Applicable of Cable Cross-Section 400mm^2. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,σT,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-parallel to the print.
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Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. Cross-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMo1 Pure Molybdenum Crucible for Melting in Sapphire Growth Furnace. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-10.4inch Industrial Tablet/or extrusion.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve)).High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person, respectively,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
4 Conclusions
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Croygenic Lift Check Valve.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable-AM.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.
Acknowledgments
Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
