Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle–OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container–Customized Metal CNC Machining Parts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.[ Printed]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)–Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.[1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,Plastic Mould Residues Laser Cleaning Machine,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[3.7*60 Concrete Nails,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.[Hpk-Y Series Chemical Industrial Circular Pumps,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew–High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.[Bulk Customize Bright Yellow Mixed Color Mesh Side Coolness Women Sport Running Jogging Shorts,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer] However,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-AM has not been reported.
Here,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.
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ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(MakerBot Industries2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape).Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. The schematic shown inDisposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). (a)Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. (b)Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.[CNC Wood Working Cutting Engraving Machine for Furniture/Crafts Wood Window]Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, a small slit or pre-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. Finally,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less(first tab)Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theStock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, cross-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding MachineryVex.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Air Powered Double Diaphragm Pump. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price).UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc,σT,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSmall Bar Fridges for Drinks(see Section 2.3).[Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-parallel to the print.
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Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor,Amber Ceramic Glass. Cross-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).3, and are displayed inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inJfc Factory Customize Non-Inverted Velvet Cotton Youth Hoodies with Pocket Light Grey Hoodies Jfc- HD001. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, which all had significantly smaller,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.Cable Protection Conduit(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser CuttingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. AsTexincreases,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), leading to a stronger weld.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126Vexas shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The influence ofTexandVexChina Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The TowerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products/or extrusion.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings)).0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGround High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, respectively,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
4 Conclusions
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine-AM.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.
Acknowledgments
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
