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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels–Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design–Solid State Relay Ssr] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.[Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)–Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.[Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,Stainless Steel Glass Spider,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.[China Vacuum Coating Equipments,Needle for Crochet Machine,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,304–a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.[Chinese Famous Brand Top Class Agricultural Tyres R-1 on Sale,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer] However,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.
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2.Aluminium Blind Rivets
Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(MakerBot IndustriesSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, with the extruder moving from left to right (Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The schematic shown inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.[Customized Resealable Kraft Paperbag 3 Side Sealing Laminated Bag for Tea/Coffee/Fruit Powder Packaging]1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, a small slit or pre-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. Finally,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts(first tab)Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, cross-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,FRP Profile Made in ChinaVex.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2mm Aluminium Sheet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,σT,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(see Section 2.3).[North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-parallel to the print.
3.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. Cross-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.3, and are displayed inPacking Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in626rs Bearing. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier, which all had significantly smaller,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in DIN. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. AsTexincreases,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, leading to a stronger weld.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote BagVexas shown inSuzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The influence ofTexandVexOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTD18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TVσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Castingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter-AM.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.
Acknowledgments
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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