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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–China High Quality CATV FTTH 1550 Nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Medicine Storage Cabinets,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.[Energy Saving Small Machine Room Passenger Lift,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL),Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.[Insulating Thermal Insulation Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Cloth,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-AM has not been reported.
Here,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter-Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.
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2.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory
5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), with the extruder moving from left to right (Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat).High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. The schematic shown inDigital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.
PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). (a)Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. (b)Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.[Small Crane For Truck]Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. Finally,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(first tab)Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, cross-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access ControlVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSanitary Pvd Sputtering Coating Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming,σT,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power StationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. AsTexincreases,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou, leading to a stronger weld.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk PriceVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.
UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFRP High Strength Channels with Different ShapesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. This measurement technique is a straightforward,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle-AM.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.
Acknowledgments
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
