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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)–Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents–Supreme Cotton Wadding for Baby Garments / Quilts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.[Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306–Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).[Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,Wood Color Aluminum Honeycomb Panel Sandwich Panel,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.[Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900–China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.[Bra Made In China,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms] However,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-AM has not been reported.
Here,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip-Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.
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2.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board
Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(MakerBot IndustriesOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame).China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. The schematic shown inIndustrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. (a)Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. (b) IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.[3DTALK Knight PRO Easy-to-Use Desktop 3D Printer with a Large Build Volume]The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, a small slit or pre-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. Finally,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men(first tab)Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFull Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, cross-Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming MachineVex.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tubeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAlcohol Distillation. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane).Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,σT,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(see Section 2.3).[Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive StampingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. AsTexincreases,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7, leading to a stronger weld.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container HouseVexas shown inPrecision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The influence ofTexandVexModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.
Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTUL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etcσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cartwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer,Cable Protection Conduit.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. This measurement technique is a straightforward,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)-AM.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.
Acknowledgments
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
