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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–m.whoistide.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Cotton Spandex Gym Crop Top Sports Bra White Active Running Clothing,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer(Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.[New! ! Tcn 24 Hours Self Service Combo Snack Drink Touch Screen Vending Machine,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.[Self-Adhesive Pdlc Film,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-AM has not been reported.
Here,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.
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Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, with the extruder moving from left to right (Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V).Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. The schematic shown inWomen Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.[Essential Oil Bottle 10 Ml Amber Aroma Diffuser Bottle]33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, a small slit or pre-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. Finally,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(first tab)OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, cross-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling MachinesVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in100ml E Liquid Bottles Uk Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,σT,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. AsTexincreases,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, leading to a stronger weld.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory PriceVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water PipeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches-AM.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
