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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift–Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF–Factory Manufacture Plastic Bottle Juice Pulp Filling Machinery] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.[High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly–Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.[Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,Gypsum Board Steel Drywall Metal Stud Partition,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine(OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.[Driving Medium,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, Soundproof,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men–Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use]Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.[m.sdjtec.com,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration] However,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-AM has not been reported.
Here,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.
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White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(MakerBot IndustriesDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, with the extruder moving from left to right (Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS).Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Spacer CNC Machining Parts. The schematic shown inMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.[63-160mm Socket/PPR Fusion Welding Machine]Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, a small slit or pre-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. Finally,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket(first tab)Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, cross-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB FabricationVex.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStainless Steel Us G-403 Swivel Hoist Ring. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price).Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders,σT,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-parallel to the print.
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Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. Cross-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).3, and are displayed inCosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in6450 Car Spray Booth. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder, which all had significantly smaller,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. AsTexincreases,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, leading to a stronger weld.Croygenic Swing Check ValveVexas shown inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). The influence ofTexandVexPrecision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTScrew Single Compressor Water ChillerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Balerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe/or extrusion.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living)).Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, respectively,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
4 Conclusions
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex-AM.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
