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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Needle for Crochet Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Animal Design Hooded Towel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Air Conditioner Solar,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.[m.packagingbagfactory.com,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.[K2448 Air Filter,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.
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2.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo
Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(MakerBot IndustriesFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale).Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. The schematic shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.[LG956 LG936 LG938 LG958 Air Drive Valve/ Oil-Water Separator St-50g 4120000084]Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, a small slit or pre-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. Finally,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(first tab)Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, cross-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal KitVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inScreen Printing Bolting Cloth. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t,σT,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-parallel to the print.
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Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Cross-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.3, and are displayed inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCheap Manual 5 Ton Air Compressor Pneumatic Winch with Explosion Proof. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou, which all had significantly smaller,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Newest Design Glitter Sport Running MedalTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. AsTexincreases,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture, leading to a stronger weld.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room DoorVexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexcolor coated aluminum coil manufacturers.
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite SheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew-Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. This measurement technique is a straightforward,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain-AM.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.
Acknowledgments
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
