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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–Cotton Canvas Heat Resistant Rubber Conveyor Belt] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,2019 Hot Sell Integrated Hydraulic Pipe Bender Machine,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.[Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313),CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.[www.lingkebags.com,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.Galvanized Bar Grating-Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.
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2.Forging Metal Building Parts
Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6), with the extruder moving from left to right (Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox).Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. The schematic shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.[30W Motion Sensor Dimming Solar Lighting System Solar Garden Lamp]for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085, a small slit or pre-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. Finally,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier(first tab)Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, cross-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side BagVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in88-Pet air box. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag,σT,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-parallel to the print.
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High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. Cross-Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).3, and are displayed inForging Metal Building Parts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inStainless Steel Butt Weld SAE Flange Counter Flange with 3000psi.. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, which all had significantly smaller,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries./mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window DiscTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. AsTexincreases,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal FabricationVexas shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The influence ofTexandVexAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling CutterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame/or extrusion.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported)).Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNewest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, respectively,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
4 Conclusions
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater-AM.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.
Acknowledgments
The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
