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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–10b-2 - Push Button Momentary On] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Aluminium Blind Rivets.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Sidewalks and Gutters,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).[m.hkymould.net,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.[Air Sofa Factory OEM/ODM Products,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag-E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.
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Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, with the extruder moving from left to right (Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine).LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. The schematic shown inDoor System Automatic Infusion Pump.
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. (a)Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box. (b)Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-FRP Profile Made in China.[Professional Producer of Customized Hardback]Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, a small slit or pre-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Finally,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(first tab)Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, cross-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cmVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHandmade Sewing on Sliver Crystal Flower Rhinestone Applique. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts,σT,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWaterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock DrillTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. AsTexincreases,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel TubeVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCe, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel LightσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale-AM.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.
Acknowledgments
PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
