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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–304 Stainless Steel Pipe Flange] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,sincere-paper,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.[5.8m Turnbuckle,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.[Yrf Cushion Foundation Air Lumbar Support Pillow Insert Cushion,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts-Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.
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Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), with the extruder moving from left to right (DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor).2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. The schematic shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. (a)Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. (b)Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.[Filter Grid Cold Bending Machine]High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, a small slit or pre-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. Finally,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(first tab)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, cross-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONUVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inEpidural Filter Bacteria Filter 0.22 Micron Filter. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame,σT,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-parallel to the print.
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Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. Cross-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOzone/Active Oxygen Water Fruit & Vegetable Washer/Cleaner/Puridier. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food, which all had significantly smaller,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. AsTexincreases,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control, leading to a stronger weld.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV LiftVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers SkateσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer-AM.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
