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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–Photo Eye Lighting Control] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,Japanese Salad Dressing,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.[110t High Precision C-Frame Pneumatic Steel Sheet Power Press for Sheet Metal Plate,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.[m.tea-machines.com,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light-T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.
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2.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging
Needle for Crochet Machine(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves).Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. The schematic shown inExtruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.
Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. (a)Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. (b)Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.[Thicker Longer Use Heavy Duty Filtration Drying Cleaning Mesh Screen]Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, a small slit or pre-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap. Finally,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment(first tab)China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts, cross-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor DecorationVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSports Equipment Air Compression Recovery Boots Leg Massage System for Rapid Recovery. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag,σT,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arQuick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-parallel to the print.
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M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle. Cross-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.3, and are displayed inForging Metal Building Parts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomatic Coil Nail Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh, which all had significantly smaller,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal-AM.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.
Acknowledgments
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
