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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System., Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–Classical Brown Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Heavy Duty Shoes High Quality Supplier,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.[All Colors Stretch Wrap Productive Product Protecting Film,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.[Countersunk Flat Head Self Tapping Screw in Southwest of China,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-AM has not been reported.
Here,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing-EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.
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2.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)
Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine).OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. The schematic shown inFire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. (a)Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management. (b)Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.[High Quality Sinks]Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, a small slit or pre-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. Finally,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Spacer CNC Machining Parts(first tab)Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, cross-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing MachineVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBottle Water Treatment Plant. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export,σT,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vintage Tea Light Candle HoldersTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. AsTexincreases,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper, leading to a stronger weld.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding MachineVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBook Shelf in Morden Style Freely CombinationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
