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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Nandrolone] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Twist Roll Pillow, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[Al9 Pet15 Aluminum Mylar Foil Type for Coaxial Cable Wrapping Shield,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.[Aluminum Alloy Rechargeable Head Lamp,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-AM has not been reported.
Here,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Amber Ceramic Glass,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.
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Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cable Protection Conduit, with the extruder moving from left to right (Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting).Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. The schematic shown inWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants.
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. (a)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. (b)0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[High Pressure Flexible Hose Fittings]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, a small slit or pre-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. Finally,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(first tab)Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), cross-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal ScreenVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustom Pizza Box with Printing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27,σT,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-parallel to the print.
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Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. Cross-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPvc Composite Roof Tile. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, which all had significantly smaller,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill BatteryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). AsTexincreases,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow PaletteVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVex36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double GlassσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,-AM.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.
Acknowledgments
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
