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Addit Manuf.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush CutterHigh Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale

Associated Data

Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB

Abstract

High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration GramophoneJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic GlassCustom Logo Glossy Finishing Carton Box Foldable Dress Shirt Paper Box] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-IIOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,1-2 Tons/ Hour Urea Map DAP NPK Grinding Machine,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.[Bluetooth Usb Beacon,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam MattressHigh Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.[Black Sump Pumps,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-AM has not been reported.

Here,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device-All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.

Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light

2.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling

Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V).Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. The schematic shown inSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.

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Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. (a)Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. (b)Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.[Fungicide Outdoor Plants]Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, a small slit or pre-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. Finally,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port(first tab)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, cross-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line TieVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBaby Nappy Adhesive PP Tape and Magic Side Tape for Adult Diaper Raw Material. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes,σT,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-parallel to the print.

3.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer

Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved. Cross-Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.3, and are displayed inOEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOptic Optical Fiber Cable 1 2 3 4 6 8 12 24 36 48 96 144 Core Sm mm 9/125 Um 62.5/125 G. 652 655 GYXTW GYTS GYTA53 FTTH Drop Gjxh GJFJV 500 M Single Multi Mode. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, which all had significantly smaller,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare PartsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. AsTexincreases,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment FlooringVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexYCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.

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Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFlexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag PouchesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021),Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780/or extrusion.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001))).High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHoliauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System., respectively,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.LED Module 25W 3000K.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.

4 Conclusions

Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine-AM.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.

Acknowledgments

Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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