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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–qilangmotor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,CL2T-SF304GB Comlom Camping Germeny Type Carbon Steel Folding Shovel,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.[100a - Max Sign Marking Machines,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).[Power Steering Gear Box for Ford Fiesta IV Puma 3972949/3937085,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-AM has not been reported.
Here,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103),PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent-Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.
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Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, with the extruder moving from left to right (Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function).Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. The schematic shown inGemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.
Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. (a)Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. (b)Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.[Non-Pressurized Stainless Steel Solar Hot Water Heater for Mexico]PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour, a small slit or pre-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch. Finally,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm(first tab)Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, cross-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing BagVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10.4inch Industrial Tablet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.orist-fashion.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person,σT,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-parallel to the print.
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20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Croygenic Lift Check Valve. Cross-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDuplex Triplex MGO Mineral Insulated Thermocouple Cable. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, which all had significantly smaller,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter FabricTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. AsTexincreases,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor, leading to a stronger weld.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV PrinterVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.
2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. This measurement technique is a straightforward,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street-AM.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.
Acknowledgments
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
